{"id":12826,"date":"2020-04-29T14:41:54","date_gmt":"2020-04-29T14:41:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/?p=12826"},"modified":"2023-05-11T18:38:33","modified_gmt":"2023-05-11T16:38:33","slug":"how-psychedelics-shape-history","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/cs\/blog\/jak-psychedelika-tvori-historii\/","title":{"rendered":"\u010carod\u011bjnice, vize, revoluce: Jak psychedelika utv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed d\u011bjiny"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Minul\u00fd t\u00fdden jsme oslavili den j\u00edzdn\u00edch kol<\/a>, kter\u00e1 p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 prvn\u00ed z\u00e1m\u011brn\u00fd trip s LSD a kterou objevil Albert Hofmann v roce 1943. LSD, na kter\u00e9 Hofmann tripoval, poch\u00e1zelo z l\u00e1tky zvan\u00e9 n\u00e1mel. Co je to v\u0161ak n\u00e1mel? A jak se j\u00ed poda\u0159ilo pl\u00ed\u017eiv\u011b ovlivnit d\u011bjiny?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Co je to ergot?<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Spor\u00fd\u0161 je p\u0159irozen\u011b se vyskytuj\u00edc\u00ed houba, kter\u00e1 roste hlavn\u011b na \u017eitu, ale m\u016f\u017ee se vyskytovat i na jin\u00fdch obilovin\u00e1ch. Od t\u00e9 doby, co se vyvinulo zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, p\u0159i\u0161lo lidstvo do styku s n\u00e1melem, proto\u017ee se obil\u00ed rychle stalo na\u0161\u00edm z\u00e1kladn\u00edm zdrojem potravy. Na rozd\u00edl od LSD, kter\u00e9 nem\u00e1 v podstat\u011b \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 fyziologick\u00e9 vedlej\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky, je tomu u n\u00e1melu naopak. Ve skute\u010dnosti je toxick\u00fd. V historii se vyskytly p\u0159\u00edpady, kdy lid\u00e9 za\u017e\u00edvali halucinace, bolestiv\u00e9 k\u0159e\u010de a stavy podobn\u00e9 transu. Vykl\u00e1dali si to bu\u010f jako n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9, nebo d\u00e9monick\u00e9 posednut\u00ed. Nab\u00edz\u00ed se ot\u00e1zka, kolik historick\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed nebo n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch zjeven\u00ed bylo zp\u016fsobeno nebo ovlivn\u011bno lidmi, kte\u0159\u00ed se pot\u00e1celi na... chlebu? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zde se pod\u00edv\u00e1me na n\u011bkolik p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f ud\u00e1lost\u00ed z historie, kter\u00e9 podle v\u011bdc\u016f mohly b\u00fdt ovlivn\u011bny n\u00e1melem, \"rohat\u00fdm zrnem\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eleus\u00ednsk\u00e1 myst\u00e9ria<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Eleus\u00ednsk\u00e1 myst\u00e9ria byla tajn\u00fdm n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm ob\u0159adem znovuzrozen\u00ed, kter\u00fd se konal ve starov\u011bk\u00e9m \u0158ecku. Ob\u0159ady byly tak tajn\u00e9 (proto z\u00e1hady<\/em>), \u017ee i dnes se v\u00ed jen m\u00e1lo o tom, co se vlastn\u011b d\u011blo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ob\u0159ad byl v\u011bnov\u00e1n bohyn\u00edm D\u00e9m\u00e9t\u00e9r a Persefon\u011b a zam\u011b\u0159oval se na m\u00fdtus, v n\u011bm\u017e b\u016fh podsv\u011bt\u00ed H\u00e1des unese mladou Persefonu. Jej\u00ed matka D\u00e9m\u00e9t\u00e9r, bohyn\u011b zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed a p\u0159\u00edrody, pros\u00ed Dia o propu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed sv\u00e9 dcery. Ten j\u00ed vyhov\u00ed. Persefona v\u0161ak bohu\u017eel v podsv\u011bt\u00ed sn\u00ed 6 sem\u00ednek gran\u00e1tov\u00e9ho jablka. Za to je prokleta, aby str\u00e1vila \u0161est m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f v roce v podzem\u00ed s H\u00e1dem. B\u011bhem t\u011bchto m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f D\u00e9m\u00e9t\u00e9r teskn\u00ed po sv\u00e9 dce\u0159i a jako bohyn\u011b p\u0159\u00edrody su\u017euje sv\u011bt studenou zimou. Kdy\u017e se Persefona ka\u017ed\u00fd rok vyno\u0159\u00ed z podsv\u011bt\u00ed, zem\u011b se znovu narod\u00ed - rostliny rostou a zem\u011b je \u00farodn\u00e1. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159i tajn\u00e9m ob\u0159adu \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edci pilikykeon'<\/a>. N\u00e1poj, kter\u00fd na po\u010dest bohyn\u011b zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed obsahoval je\u010dmen. Mnoz\u00ed badatel\u00e9 se domn\u00edvaj\u00ed, \u017ee tento je\u010dmen byl infikov\u00e1n n\u00e1melou, proto\u017ee z popis\u016f ob\u0159adu vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee kykeon m\u011bl psychotropn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky. Jedn\u00e1 se o vz\u00e1cn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edklad z\u00e1m\u011brn\u00e9ho vyu\u017eit\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinku n\u00e1melu. Plat\u00f3n, kter\u00fd se ho s\u00e1m \u00fa\u010dastnil, uvedl.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"na\u0161e myst\u00e9ria m\u011bla zcela re\u00e1ln\u00fd v\u00fdznam: kdo byl o\u010di\u0161t\u011bn a zasv\u011bcen, bude bydlet s bohy.\" <\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Cokoli vlastn\u011b<\/em> je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee na \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edky m\u011bla hlubok\u00fd dopad. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tane\u010dn\u00ed m\u00e1nie<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Opakuj\u00edc\u00edm se jevem v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch je tzv. \"tane\u010dn\u00ed m\u00e1nie<\/a>. Tento fenom\u00e9n zahrnoval nekontrolovateln\u00fd tanec, kter\u00fd se m\u016f\u017ee pohybovat od s\u00f3lov\u00e9ho tane\u010dn\u00edka a\u017e po cel\u00e9 komunity a vesnice, kter\u00e9 tancuj\u00ed, dokud nezkolabuj\u00ed vy\u010derp\u00e1n\u00edm, nebo v extr\u00e9mn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpadech nezem\u0159ou. Nej\u010dast\u011bji se tento jev vyskytoval mezi 14. a 17. stolet\u00edm v kontinent\u00e1ln\u00ed Evrop\u011b, kde lid\u00e9 tan\u010dili jako v transu, \u010dasto k\u0159i\u010deli a cukali sebou. Mo\u017enou p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou t\u011bchto propuknut\u00ed je otrava n\u00e1melem. Je zn\u00e1m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 jako ohe\u0148 svat\u00e9ho Anton\u00edna a krom\u011b halucinac\u00ed zp\u016fsobuje u posti\u017een\u00fdch prudk\u00e9 k\u0159e\u010de, kter\u00e9 napodobuj\u00ed pohyby p\u0159i tanci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Johanka z Arku<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Mnoz\u00ed znaj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh Johanky z Arku, francouzsk\u00e9 venkovsk\u00e9 d\u00edvky narozen\u00e9 v roce 1412, kter\u00e1 po vysly\u0161en\u00ed hlas\u016f svat\u00fdch vedla francouzskou arm\u00e1du k por\u00e1\u017ece Angli\u010dan\u016f. O samotn\u00fdch hlasech se v\u0161ak \u010dasto nepochybuje. Odkud se vzaly? Byly to skute\u010dn\u011b hlasy svat\u00fdch Michaela, Mark\u00e9ty a Kate\u0159iny, kter\u00e9 \u0159\u00edkaly dosp\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed Johance, aby zachr\u00e1nila Francii? Dnes existuje mnoho teori\u00ed o tom, co hlasy skute\u010dn\u011b zp\u016fsobilo, v\u010detn\u011b schizofrenie, hu\u010den\u00ed v u\u0161\u00edch, po\u017eit\u00ed l\u00e9ku belladonna<\/a> a samoz\u0159ejm\u011b n\u00e1mel. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zejm\u00e9na Francie byla d\u00edky sv\u00e9mu tepl\u00e9mu podneb\u00ed ohniskem v\u00fdskytu n\u00e1mele a \u010dasto trp\u011bla smrteln\u00fdmi epidemiemi t\u00e9to choroby ve venkovsk\u00fdch komunit\u00e1ch. Je bl\u00e1zniv\u00e9 si p\u0159edstavit, \u017ee arm\u00e1da mohla b\u00fdt vedena do bitvy a d\u00e1le k v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed na z\u00e1klad\u011b slov d\u00edvky, kter\u00e1 se pr\u00e1v\u011b pot\u00e1cela na \u0161patn\u00e9m t\u011bst\u011b! P\u0159esto\u017ee m\u011bla Johanka velk\u00fd pod\u00edl na v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed Francie, byla brzy pot\u00e9 up\u00e1lena na hranici za kac\u00ed\u0159stv\u00ed a \u010darod\u011bjnictv\u00ed. To n\u00e1s p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u00ed k...<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010carod\u011bjnick\u00e9 procesy v Salemu<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u010carod\u011bjnick\u00e9 procesy byly v Evrop\u011b dlouho roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9, jejich po\u010det v\u00fdrazn\u011b vzrostl v 15. stolet\u00ed a\u017e do konce 18. stolet\u00ed. V t\u00e9to dob\u011b bylo na z\u00e1klad\u011b obvin\u011bn\u00ed z \u010darod\u011bjnictv\u00ed zavra\u017ed\u011bno p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 40 000 lid\u00ed, p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b \u017een. Jako jeden z vin\u00edk\u016f spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed tohoto tragick\u00e9ho \u0159et\u011bzce ud\u00e1lost\u00ed je op\u011bt uv\u00e1d\u011bn n\u00e1mel. Nejv\u00edce v\u0161ak byl vliv n\u00e1mele zkoum\u00e1n p\u0159i nechvaln\u011b proslul\u00fdch \u010darod\u011bjnick\u00fdch procesech v Salemu, kter\u00e9 se odehr\u00e1ly v Massachusetts v letech 1692-1693. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

V roce 1692 trp\u011bly dv\u011b mlad\u00e9 d\u00edvky prudk\u00fdmi z\u00e1chvaty, halucinacemi a pichlavou k\u016f\u017e\u00ed od neviditeln\u00fdch jehel. Dnes tyto pot\u00ed\u017ee rozpozn\u00e1v\u00e1me jako p\u0159\u00edznaky otravy n\u00e1melou, ale tehdy to v mal\u00e9 komunit\u011b vyvolalo obvin\u011bn\u00ed z \u010darod\u011bjnictv\u00ed. Jakmile za\u010dalo m\u00edt halucinace st\u00e1le v\u00edce obyvatel m\u011bsta, l\u00e9talo st\u00e1le v\u00edce obvin\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e1 nakonec vy\u00fastila v ob\u011b\u0161en\u00ed 19 lid\u00ed. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mo\u017en\u00e1 \u0161lo o masovou hysterii, mo\u017en\u00e1 o n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou m\u00e1nii, ale jedno je jist\u00e9: sp\u00ed\u0161e za to mohl n\u00e1mel ne\u017e, jak se tehdy \u0159\u00edkalo, \"...satan v Salemu.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nyn\u00ed je \u010das na kr\u00e1tkou lekci z historie! Ale nebojte se, tohle nen\u00ed norm\u00e1ln\u00ed dom\u00e1c\u00ed \u0161kola v karant\u00e9n\u011b... tohle je psychedelick\u00e1 dom\u00e1c\u00ed \u0161kola.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":17782,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[69],"tags":[],"topics":[],"class_list":["post-12826","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-psychedelic-culture"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12826","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12826"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12826\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":123908,"href":"https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12826\/revisions\/123908"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/17782"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12826"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12826"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12826"},{"taxonomy":"topics","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topics?post=12826"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}