{"id":16369,"date":"2020-12-08T15:51:59","date_gmt":"2020-12-08T15:51:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wholecelium.com\/?p=16369"},"modified":"2023-11-02T15:00:47","modified_gmt":"2023-11-02T14:00:47","slug":"earliest-evidence-of-human-psychedelic-use-in-california","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/da\/blog\/tidligste-beviser-for-anvendelse-af-psykedeliske-stoffer-af-mennesker-i-californien\/","title":{"rendered":"De tidligste beviser p\u00e5 menneskets brug af psykedeliske stoffer fundet i en hule i Californien"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"has-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tusindvis af \u00e5r senere har forskerne m\u00e5ske <strong>l\u00f8ste mysteriet<\/strong>. Den r\u00f8de <em>\"pinwheel\"<\/em> er blevet sporet til den psykedeliske blomst, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Datura_wrightii\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Datura wrightii<\/a><\/strong>, kendt for sin ceremonielle brug af Chumash-folket.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u00f8llen kan v\u00e6re en <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fs.fed.us\/wildflowers\/pollinators\/pollinator-of-the-month\/hawk_moths.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"broken_link\"><strong>h\u00f8gm\u00f8l<\/strong> <\/a>som nippede til Datura's trip-inducerende nektar, og som derfor havde en beruset, danseagtig flugt<em> <\/em>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Flere beviser p\u00e5 oldtidens psykedeliske brug sidder fast p\u00e5 hudens lofter, i form af <strong>quids<\/strong>, eller 400 \u00e5r gamle klumper af tygget\u00f8j. Disse indeholder <strong>scopolamin<\/strong> og <strong>atropin<\/strong>, de sindsskabende kemikalier i Datura. Unders\u00f8gelsen viser desuden, at:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\"...piktogrammerne var sandsynligvis ikke selvskildringer af shamaner i trance, men i stedet for ikonografiske billeder med udgangspunkt i mytologien...\"<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dette er det f\u00f8rste bevis p\u00e5, at mennesker har taget hallucinogener i en forhistorisk hule. Men hvorfor fokuserede vores tidlige psykonauter p\u00e5 Datura? Blev blomsten m\u00e5ske tilbedt?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"709\" height=\"408\" src=\"https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/datura-flower-pinwheel-cave.jpeg\" alt=\"r\u00f8d hule-tegning ved siden af foto af blomstrende datura\" class=\"wp-image-159700\" style=\"width:841px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/datura-flower-pinwheel-cave.jpeg 709w, https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/datura-flower-pinwheel-cave-600x345.jpeg 600w, https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/datura-flower-pinwheel-cave-300x173.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/datura-flower-pinwheel-cave-18x10.jpeg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 709px) 100vw, 709px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color\">Pinwheel Cave i Californien, hvor de forbandt den r\u00f8de spiral med den magiske blomst. Bem\u00e6rk formen p\u00e5 kronbladene, der folder sig ud... (Foto venligst udl\u00e5nt af: Melissa Dabulamanzi)<\/mark><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-pale-cyan-blue-color has-text-color\" id=\"h-the-magic-flower\"><em> Den magiske blomst<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Datura blev opl\u00f8st som en te kaldet <strong>toloache<\/strong>, som unge drenge drak som et overgangsritual. Dets hallucinogener ville give dem adgang til den <em>\"underverdenen\"<\/em>. Men blomsten var ogs\u00e5 magisk p\u00e5 en anden m\u00e5de.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ogs\u00e5 kendt som <strong>thornapple<\/strong> og<strong> jimsonweed<\/strong>, Datura \u00e5bner kun sine kronblade i skumringen og ved daggry og lukker dem om dagen. Den r\u00f8de spiral viser sandsynligvis en Datura-blomst <em>\"v\u00e5gner op\"<\/em>, sagde forskerne:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\"Datura kunne tages i hele ens liv af forskellige \u00e5rsager, bl.a. for at opn\u00e5 overnaturlige kr\u00e6fter til l\u00e6gekunst, for at modvirke negative overnaturlige h\u00e6ndelser, for at afv\u00e6rge sp\u00f8gelser og for at se fremtiden eller finde forsvundne genstande...\"<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">I dag holdes Datura som en almindelig haveplante, hovedsagelig p\u00e5 grund af deres trompetformede blomster. Efter blomstringsperioden producerer Datura spidse frugter<em> (derfor det andet navn, thornapple)<\/em>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"991\" height=\"552\" src=\"https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/red-daura-flower.jpg\" alt=\"R\u00f8d daturablomst i n\u00e6rbillede\" class=\"wp-image-159703\" srcset=\"https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/red-daura-flower.jpg 991w, https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/red-daura-flower-600x334.jpg 600w, https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/red-daura-flower-300x167.jpg 300w, https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/red-daura-flower-768x428.jpg 768w, https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/red-daura-flower-18x10.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 991px) 100vw, 991px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color\">R\u00f8d datura-blomst<\/mark><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ja, en tur med Datura kan vare op til to dage. Men pas p\u00e5! Da det er en alkaloidplante, kan dens st\u00f8rste bivirkninger v\u00e6re utilsigtet overdosis ... og d\u00f8d ved forgiftning. Hver eneste del af Datura <em>er<\/em> giftige.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-pale-cyan-blue-color has-text-color\" id=\"h-what-happens-if-you-eat-datura\"><em> Hvad sker der, hvis du spiser Datura <\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Datura wrightii er m\u00e5ske nok et st\u00e6rkt psykedelisk stof, men de farlige bivirkninger opvejer langt mere end magien:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Langsommere <em>(eller vanvittigt meget hurtigere)<\/em> tanker;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lavere motivation;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Eventuel depression + angst;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Paranoia, med f\u00f8lelser af en <em>\"kommende katastrofe\"<\/em>;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tidsforvr\u00e6ngning;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Muskeltr\u00e6thed;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Amnesi og<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>D\u00f8d ved forgiftning<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u00e5 lad os overlade eksperimenterne til hulem\u00e6ndene, skal vi?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-pale-cyan-blue-color has-text-color\" id=\"h-the-first-psychonauts\"><em>De f\u00f8rste Psychonauts?<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hvis Datura var s\u00e5 farlig, hvorfor tog de californiske hulem\u00e6nd den s\u00e5, overlevede og malede den s\u00e5 godt p\u00e5 deres hulebr\u00f8nde? Var de ikke h\u00f8je?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For det f\u00f8rste var kunstnerne sandsynligvis ikke trippede, mens de tegnede, som ledende forsker <strong>David Robinson<\/strong> fortalte Live Science:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\"Det er yderst usandsynligt p\u00e5 grund af de sv\u00e6kkende virkninger af Datura.\"<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Desuden var de oprindelige folk sandsynligvis immune over for blomstens gift, da de brugte Datura i dagligdagen - og ikke kun i ritualer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ark\u00e6ologer st\u00f8dte f\u00f8rst p\u00e5 klippemalerierne i 1999 ved<strong> Reservatet Wind Wolves<\/strong> n\u00e6r Santa Barbara. Arbejdere opdagede det r\u00f8de n\u00e5lehjul og den r\u00f8de m\u00f8l malet med <strong>okker<\/strong>, eller r\u00f8dt ler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"839\" height=\"379\" src=\"https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/cave-painting-by-the-chamush-people.jpeg\" alt=\"r\u00f8de hjulformede hulemalerier af Chumash-folket\" class=\"wp-image-159704\" srcset=\"https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/cave-painting-by-the-chamush-people.jpeg 839w, https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/cave-painting-by-the-chamush-people-600x271.jpeg 600w, https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/cave-painting-by-the-chamush-people-300x136.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/cave-painting-by-the-chamush-people-768x347.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/cave-painting-by-the-chamush-people-18x8.jpeg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 839px) 100vw, 839px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color\">Endnu et utroligt hulemaleri af Chumash, i samme omr\u00e5de, hvor det \"r\u00f8de pinhjul\" blev fundet. (via Wikipedia)<\/mark><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ligesom Michelangelos kunstv\u00e6rker i det Sixtinske Kapel hjalp klippemalerierne de oprindelige folk med at <em>\"komme i stemning\"<\/em> til deres \u00e5ndelige rejse. For dem var Daturas hallucinogene kraft ikke kun for shamaner; den var for alle, der havde brug for den.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\"...det kan v\u00e6re, at tygningen af Datura kunne have v\u00e6ret relateret til andre gruppeceremonier, s\u00e5som forberedelse til jagt ekspeditioner.\"<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-pale-cyan-blue-color has-text-color\" id=\"h-rare-piece-of-psychedelic-history\"><em>Sj\u00e6ldent stykke psykedelisk historie <\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Brug af <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/explainer-what-is-radiocarbon-dating-and-how-does-it-work-9690\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">kulstof-datering<\/a><\/strong>, blev det afsl\u00f8ret, at hulen blev brugt fra 1600 e.Kr. til slutningen af 1800-tallet.  Og det var ikke kun til ritualer eller s\u00e6rlige lejligheder. De fandt ogs\u00e5 <strong>pileaksel glattejern<\/strong> <em>(hvilket kan betyde forberedelse til jagt)<\/em>, <strong>malede fr\u00f8<\/strong> <em>(fra madopbevaring)<\/em>, og <strong>dyreknogler<\/strong> rester fra m\u00e5ltider. Fascinerende, ikke sandt?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vores forf\u00e6dre brugte ikke kun psykedeliske stoffer; de \u00e6rede dem og inkluderede deres magi i deres dagligdag. Og selv om vi nu ved, at Datura er d\u00f8dbringende, vil dens r\u00f8de spiral <em>helt sikkert<\/em> br\u00e6nde lysende i den psykedeliske historie.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"709\" height=\"339\" src=\"https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/chamush-people.jpeg\" alt=\"Maleri af Chumash-samfundet med flettede hytter og b\u00e5de\" class=\"wp-image-159707\" style=\"width:841px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/chamush-people.jpeg 709w, https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/chamush-people-600x287.jpeg 600w, https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/chamush-people-300x143.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/chamush-people-18x9.jpeg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 709px) 100vw, 709px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color\">Genskabelse af Chumash-samfundet<\/mark><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hvad synes du? Har denne opdagelse \u00e6ndret den m\u00e5de, du t\u00e6nker om gamle samfund p\u00e5? <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hvis du vil vide mere om, hvordan folk gennem tiderne har v\u00e6ret ude at g\u00e5, kan du tjekke <a href=\"https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/da\/articles\/psychedelic-studies\/evidence-of-ancient-civilisations-using-psychedelics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Beviser for gamle civilisationer, der bruger psykedeliske stoffer<\/a>!<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>For l\u00e6nge siden boede de oprindelige stammer i Californien i huler. Og om natten stirrede de ikke p\u00e5 stjernerne p\u00e5 himlen ... men p\u00e5 et knaldr\u00f8dt maleri af et n\u00e5lehjul og en m\u00f8l med store \u00f8jne.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":16372,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[69],"tags":[],"topics":[],"class_list":["post-16369","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-psychedelic-culture"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/da\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16369","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/da\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/da\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/da\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/da\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16369"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/da\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16369\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":159709,"href":"https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/da\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16369\/revisions\/159709"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/da\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/16372"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/da\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16369"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/da\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16369"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/da\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16369"},{"taxonomy":"topics","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/staging.wholecelium.com\/da\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topics?post=16369"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}